Umurage wuburayi wuburayi ni umuringa wakozwe mu binyejana byinshi, ugaragaza ibihe byinshi byumuco hamwe nubuhanzi.Kuva mu bihe bya kera by’Ubugereki na Roma kugeza kuri katedrali zikomeye za Gothique, ubuhanzi bushimishije nouveau, n'imirongo itangaje ya modernisme, buri gihe cyasize ikimenyetso simusiga ku bidukikije byubatswe ku mugabane wa Afurika.Aya mateka akungahaye ntaho ahuriye nigishushanyo cyurugo rwiburayi, harimo numwe mubibanza byegeranye cyane: ubwiherero.
Mu mateka, ubwiherero bw’iburayi bwari ahantu hakoreshwa cyane, hatandukanye n’ahantu hatuwe.Igihe cya Victorian cyabonye ubwihindurize bwo mu bwiherero bwo mu bwiherero, hashyizweho ibikoresho bitatse kandi bizera isuku nkibyingenzi.Ibi byafunguye inzira yuburyo bwubwiherero bwihariye kandi bwerekana, bwatangiye kwerekana uburyo bwagutse bwubatswe bwamazu.
Nyuma y'intambara ebyiri z'isi yose, Uburayi bwagize igihe cyo kwiyubaka no kuvugurura.Mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati hagaragaye uburyo bugezweho bwa kijyambere, bwirinze imitako hamwe n’amateka yerekanwe mu bihe byashize kugira ngo bukore kandi bworoshye.Uru rugendo rwazanye igitekerezo cy "ubwiherero nkumwiherero," ahera murugo kugirango wiruhure kandi wiyiteho.Igishushanyo cyubwiherero cyarushijeho gutekereza kuburambe bwa buri muntu, guhuza ikoranabuhanga no guhumurizwa.
Uyu munsi, ubwiherero bw’iburayi ni ihuriro ryibihe byashize hamwe nubu bigezweho.Ubusa bwubwiherero nuburyo ntibikiri ubunini-bumwe ahubwo bihujwe nimiterere yihariye ya buri karere k’uburayi, byerekana guhuza imisoro nubuzima bwa none.
Urugero, mu Burayi bw’Amajyepfo, ubwiherero bushobora kwishimira urumuri n’ibara rya Mediterane, hamwe na teracotta cyangwa amabati ya mozayike, hamwe n’ubusa byerekana ubushyuhe n’ubutaka bw’imiturire gakondo y'akarere.Ku rundi ruhande, muri Scandinaviya, imyitwarire yo gushushanya ni “bike ni byinshi,” ishyigikira minimalism, imikorere, no gukoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe.Hano, akabati yo mu bwiherero akenshi iba nziza, ifite imirongo isukuye hamwe na palette yabazungu, imvi, nishyamba ryoroheje bikurura ibidukikije bya Nordic.
Uburayi bwo hagati, hamwe n’umurage wa Baroque na Rococo, buracyagaragaza ko ukunda ubwiza nubwinshi bwibyo bihe muri bimwe mubishushanyo byubwiherero bwarwo, hamwe nibiti bikozwe mu biti hamwe na zahabu.Ariko, hariho kandi inzira ikomeye iganisha ku bishushanyo mbonera bya Bauhaus byatangiriye mu Budage, bishimangira imikorere n’ubwiza bw’inganda.Ubusa muri ubwo bwiherero bukunze kugaragara mubworoshye bwabo, bwibanda kumiterere ya geometrike no gushushanya neza.
Ubwongereza bufite ubwiherero bwihariye bwubwiherero bukunze kuba bukubiyemo imvange gakondo niki gihe.Ibikoresho byo mu bwiherero bwa Victorian bikomeje gukundwa, hamwe n’ubwiherero bwogeye ibirenge hamwe n’ibikoresho byogeramo, ariko biragenda bihuzwa n’ibikoresho bigezweho ndetse n’akabati keza, kabika umwanya wakira amazu mato yo mu Bwongereza.
Ingaruka zamateka ku bwiherero ntabwo ari ubwiza gusa ahubwo ni tekiniki.Umurage w’amazi n’ubwiherero bw’Abaroma byahinduwe mu Burayi gushimangira amazi meza no gukoresha neza amazi.Uyu murage uraboneka mubuhanga bwubusa bwubwiherero bugezweho, burimo amazi meza yo kubika amazi meza.
Kuramba kandi biragenda biba igice cyibishushanyo mbonera by’ubwiherero bw’iburayi, hasubijwe ko ibidukikije bigenda byiyongera.Ababikora barushijeho gukoresha ibikoresho bitunganijwe kandi bagakoresha uburyo bwangiza ibidukikije.Igishushanyo cyubusa akenshi cyemerera gusana no kugitunganya, kwagura ubuzima bwibicuruzwa no kugabanya imyanda.
Byongeye kandi, ubwubatsi bw’Uburayi butandukanye bivuze ko ubwiherero bugomba guhinduka cyane.Mu byumba byo mumijyi, aho umwanya uri murwego rwo hejuru, ibitagira umumaro hamwe nibikoresho akenshi bifite igishushanyo mbonera cyemerera guhinduka no kwagura umwanya.Hagati aho, mu cyaro cyangwa mu mateka, igishushanyo cy’ubwiherero gishobora gukenera kwakira ahantu hadasanzwe, bisaba abaministri bespoke bubaha imyubakire ihari.
Muri make, ubwiherero bwiburayi bugaragaza umugabane uha agaciro kahise kayo nigihe kizaza.Numwanya uhuza imiterere yamateka namahame agezweho yo gushushanya niterambere ryikoranabuhanga.Ibikoresho byo mu bwiherero mu Burayi ntabwo ari ibisubizo byububiko gusa ahubwo bifatwa nkibice bigira uruhare mugushushanya muri rusange.Baringaniza imiterere n'imikorere, umurage, no guhanga udushya, bikubiyemo umwuka wubatswe wuburayi butandukanye mubuturo bwubwiherero.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-27-2023
